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35 years of liberalisation
35 years of liberalisation
Half a lifetime after the 1991 reforms: Lotuses bloom in muddy waters
Thirty-five years after the 1991 reforms, India has grown dramatically but unfinished reforms, weak public services and job creation remain major challenges
 "35 years of liberalisation")
We realised after 1991 that we have to innovate, not wait in Delhi: Murthy
As long as we have corporate leaders who understand the power of AI and ensure that their employees are well trained, I do not see any problem, says Infosys cofounder N R Narayana Murthy
Updated On : 24 Jul 2026 | 11:22 PM IST "35 years of liberalisation")
'Extract after extract in Manmohan's 1991 speech was from my mini Budget'
Former finance minister Yashwant Sinha says his 1990 mini Budget shaped Manmohan Singh's 1991 speech, while calling for continuous reforms and infrastructure-led demand growth
Updated On : 04 Aug 2026 | 12:02 AM IST "35 years of liberalisation")
1991 Budget speech was Freedom Day for us; whole world was open: Mittal
Sunil Bharti Mittal says the 1991 reforms transformed India's business landscape, paving the way for Airtel, and calls for continued reforms to sustain growth
Updated On : 27 Jul 2026 | 2:25 PM IST "35 years of liberalisation")
Latest Updates on 35 years of liberalisation
Tiruppur: How a small cluster turned into a textile export powerhouse
From ₹429 crore in 1991, exports from India's knitwear capital have grown to ₹46,000 crore with markets spanning 50-plus countries
 "Tiruppur: How a small cluster turned into a textile export powerhouse")
Wholesale changes have not happened in civil services: M Veerappa Moily
There is a pronounced tendency to centralise now… Centralisation will not take the country forward, either socially or economically, he said
 "Wholesale changes have not happened in civil services: M Veerappa Moily")
The word control had become anathema for us in 1991: Sudha Pillai
Pillai tells that the CCI could have done more to curb concentration, and social protection should have featured more prominently in the reforms
 "The word control had become anathema for us in 1991: Sudha Pillai")
Delhi's dichotomy: Big infra projects alongside unauthorised sprawl
Delhi's post-liberalisation growth turned it into a services powerhouse, but housing shortages, unplanned urbanisation, pollution and infrastructure gaps continue to test the capital
 "Delhi's dichotomy: Big infra projects alongside unauthorised sprawl")
Govts changed, liberalisation consensus endured, at varying pace
Governments both at the Centre and in states have occasionally been voted out for their inability to sell the reforms to the electorate
 "Govts changed, liberalisation consensus endured, at varying pace")
Fruits of reforms are often reaped by later governments: Shankar Acharya
Shankar Acharya says that structural constraints need to be addressed for India to become an advanced economy by 2047
 "Fruits of reforms are often reaped by later governments: Shankar Acharya")
How Posco's Odisha steel project, India's biggest FDI deal, fell through
Learning from the setback, the South Korean steel major has returned to the state, but this time in a JV with JSW
 "How Posco's Odisha steel project, India's biggest FDI deal, fell through")
1991 liberalisation made a break with the past, says C Rangarajan
C Rangarajan says reforms are a continuous process and we need new measures to tackle new challenges
 "1991 liberalisation made a break with the past, says C Rangarajan")
Kiranas to quick commerce: How the landscape changed for retail trade
India's retail sector has evolved from neighbourhood kiranas to organised retail, ecommerce and quick commerce, driven by liberalisation, technology and changing consumer habits
 "Kiranas to quick commerce: How the landscape changed for retail trade")
We are all children of liberalisation: Alphaniti Fintech co-founder UR Bhat
India has come a long way since 1991... But sustaining that progress will require new reforms. If the past 30 years were about opening the economy, the next 30 must be about strengthening institutions
 "We are all children of liberalisation: Alphaniti Fintech co-founder UR Bhat")
Mills to malls: How the Maximum City transformed from Bombay to Mumbai
How liberalisation, land-use reforms, technology, finance and infrastructure transformed Mumbai from a mill-driven industrial city into a sprawling services and financial hub
 "Mills to malls: How the Maximum City transformed from Bombay to Mumbai")
From BoP crisis to record reserves, RBI's forex strategy pays dividends
That swing has been made possible by a shift in forex management policy that was forged in the fire of the balance-of-payments crisis of 1991
 "From BoP crisis to record reserves, RBI's forex strategy pays dividends")
Incomplete 1991 reforms failed to foster India's industrialisation: Nayyar
Nayyar speaks about the vulnerabilities in India's reform journey and what needs to be done to realise its demographic dividend and avoid the middle-income trap
 "Incomplete 1991 reforms failed to foster India's industrialisation: Nayyar")
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar's per capita income still trails India average
Punjab and Maharashtra, among the top 5 states at the dawn of reforms, have since moved down the order
 "Uttar Pradesh, Bihar's per capita income still trails India average")
'Neither Rao nor Singh could have brought in the 1991 reforms alone'
P Chidambaram recalls how Rao and Manmohan Singh shaped the 1991 reforms and argues India now needs greater competition, openness and a revived WTO
 "'Neither Rao nor Singh could have brought in the 1991 reforms alone'")
Bombay Club fears were misplaced; family biz raked it in after reforms
Family-owned companies accounted for 72 per cent of the combined revenues of listed firms in FY26, up from 50 per cent in FY01
 "Bombay Club fears were misplaced; family biz raked it in after reforms")
How Bengaluru transformed from pensioners' paradise to India's IT capital
Bengaluru's transformation into India's tech capital has powered jobs, wealth and innovation, but rapid urbanisation has come at a steep cost to infrastructure, mobility and its natural ecosystems
 "How Bengaluru transformed from pensioners' paradise to India's IT capital")
35 years of liberalisation: How TV transformed Indian media after 1991
From Star TV and Zee's satellite revolution to Netflix and JioStar, India's media industry has evolved into a ₹2.8-trillion digital and entertainment powerhouse
 "35 years of liberalisation: How TV transformed Indian media after 1991")
How liberalisation pushed power sector from persistent outages to surpluses
Three decades of reforms have taken India's power sector from chronic shortages to near-universal access and surplus capacity, but discom finances remain a key challenge
 "How liberalisation pushed power sector from persistent outages to surpluses")
35 years of liberalisation: How aviation reforms gave wings to pvt sector
The reforms of 1991 triggered the first wave of private airlines, yet most entered a sector that demanded far deeper financial resources than anticipated
 "35 years of liberalisation: How aviation reforms gave wings to pvt sector")